With NASCAR’s this weekend, the sport also marks the 15th anniversary of the death of one of its most legendary drivers: the Intimidator, Dale Earnhardt. While his fatal crash at the 2001 Daytona 500 was tragic and unexpected, it launched an increased focus on racing safety that has saved the lives of countless drivers since.

The neck-saving HANS device, full-faced helmets, better barriers and more were mandated in NASCAR in the years following Earnhardt’s death.

It’s a deep tragedy that the sport had to lose one of its most beloved faces for these changes to happen, but they very likely kept other drivers from meeting a similar fate.

The Crash

Nicknamed such for his aggressive driving style, Earnhardt started in NASCAR’s top-level Winston Cup series in 1975. He went on to win 76 Winston Cup races in his career. Earnhardt tied with Richard Petty for the most number of Winston Cup championships won, as both had seven championships to their name.

In 2001, Earnhardt started the year off in sports car racing at the 24 Hours of Daytona with Andy Pilgrim, Kelly Collins and his son Dale Earnhardt Jr. According to their Chevrolet Corvette C5-R took second place in its class, and fourth place overall in the Grand-Am event.

He then went on to participate in the NASCAR pre-season races during Daytona Speedweeks, where 2001 became the first year in a long time where Earnhardt one of those races. His best result was to Tony Stewart in the Budweiser Shootout.

Still, everyone knew Earnhardt was still one of the drivers to watch going into the Daytona 500 with 34 victories at that speedway alone to his name.

According to , a series of changes had been enacted to the 2001 rules package to encourage closer racing on NASCAR’s big superspeedways—much to Dale’s delight. A 2001 article on the pre-season events described Earnhardt as “the best in the business when it comes to .” Even then, NASCAR used restrictor plates on Daytona and Talladega to keep speeds down to safer levels.

Unfortunately, restricting horsepower did little to make impacts safer, and that became NASCAR’s focus after Earnhardt met his untimely demise during the last lap of the 2001 Daytona 500.

The 2001 race was particularly exciting, with 14 different drivers swapping the lead 49 times throughout the race according to . Earnhardt led four times for 17 laps total, never veering far from the front.

Heading into the last laps, Earnhardt was in third place behind two cars from his own Dale Earnhardt Incorporated team—Michael Waltrip was in front, followed by son Dale Earnhardt Jr.

Earnhardt Sr. was trying his best to maintain his podium position while blocking traffic around him from catching his team’s cars in front. As the cars went three-wide behind the leaders heading into turn 4 of the last lap, light contact with Sterling Marlin’s Dodge unsettled Earnhardt’s car and sent him into the hard concrete barrier at the top of Daytona’s banking. The passenger side of Earnhardt’s car collected Ken Schrader’s No. 36 car, with Schrader t-boning the number 3. Earnhardt lost control doing 170 mph, and hit the wall at a 75-degree angle at over 150 mph.

Both cars slid back down to the bottom of the track without making contact with oncoming race traffic. The checkered flag flew moments after the impact, giving Waltrip the win.

At first glance, it looked like a hard hit, but many expected Earnhardt to pop out of the car as he normally would, relatively unharmed. After all, the race had been red-flagged earlier for a much more dramatic looking 18-car crash where Tony Stewart’s car flipped over twice, but per , the most serious injury from that wreck was Stewart’s mild concussion.

Michael’s brother Darrell Waltrip was in the booth, cheering on his brother as he watched him win one of NASCAR’s most iconic races. The television broadcast only briefly cut away from the leading pair to show Earnhardt and Schrader’s impact. When no one had seen Earnhardt emerge from the wreck, however, Darrell’s excitement faded to concern.

“How about Dale—is he okay?” Darrell asked on air. He continued, “I just hope Dale is okay—I guess he’s all right, isn’t he?”

Post-race activities were tempered with concern for Earnhardt’s condition as news of the crash’s severity spread.

“The only reason I won this race was Dale Earnhardt,” Michael Waltrip told . “I just pray that he’s okay.”

Meanwhile, at the site of the two wrecked cars, reports that Schrader had gotten out of his car and rushed to Earnhardt’s side, immediately signaling to rescue workers to come to the driver’s aid. Paramedics found Earnhardt unconscious, without a pulse.

Not wanting to cause further damage to Earnhardt’s spine, rescue workers cut the roof off of the No. 3. Despite the CPR efforts of the team on-site and the team in the ambulance that took Earnhardt to nearby Halifax Medical Center, Earnhardt never showed any signs of life, according to reports at the time. Doctors pronounced him dead at 5:16 p.m. that day, as he likely died upon impact.

Legacy

Earnhardt’s death was a tremendous loss for the sport and for American sporting culture in general.

“The Intimidator,” despite his nickname, was an immensely popular driver, long beloved for being accessible to his fans and for his racing talent. His death sparked the series into action.

According to an article from 2001, NASCAR had already been examining ways to make its racing safer after three drivers were killed in crashes during the 2000 season. NASCAR President Mike Helton confirmed that the series had already laid the foundations for their own research and development center whenabout the Earnhardt crash. There, the series could focus on improving all aspects of the cars and racing—including driver and spectator safety.

However, Earnhardt’s death made safety issues a priority for many teams. Former Charlotte Motor Speedway president H.A. “Humpy” Wheeler told of Earnhardt’s passing:

You hate to say this, but you have to. Earnhardt’s death got us all moving fast, which needed to be done. There’s never been the death of a race driver that’s had more of an impact.

No one could postpone the discussion of safety issues anymore. In presenting NASCAR’s report on the Earnhardt crash, Helton confirmed that the series had already spoken with drivers and manufacturers about making improvements to driver restraints, seat designs, padding and most importantly, how to dissipate the energy from a crash in a way that is safer for the drivers.

According to speakers at NASCAR’s press conference on the Earnhardt crash report, the left lap belt in Earnhardt’s car had separated under load in the impact, allowing his body to come loose from the seat. Abrasions on the seat and steering wheel as well as velour seat fabric that had actually melted from friction confirmed that Earnhardt’s body moved significantly under impact and came into contact with the steering wheel.

The reported that Earnhardt also was not wearing a full-face helmet during the crash, which contributed to its severity, and that he also broke eight ribs on his left side from contact with the steering wheel.

In response, NASCAR created a computer model to study similar crash scenarios where cars crash into a barrier at a critical angle, which they claim could help belt manufacturers improve belt strength and determine better installation methods that could prevent similar scenarios in the future. Many teams quickly moved to using six-point belts that distribute the forces of a crash more effectively. Additionally, the series now requires drivers to wear full-face helmets.

Perhaps the most famous innovation to gain widespread use after Earnhardt’s crash was the —a U-shaped collar worn underneath harness belts that tethers to a driver’s helmet, restricting the movement of a driver’s head in the event of a hard impact. Head and neck restraints had been encouraged by NASCAR before Earnhardt’s death, but weren’t widely used.

Happy Sunday! Welcome to Holy Shift, where we highlight big innovations in the auto and racing…

Speaking at the press conference on the Earnhardt crash report, Dr. James H. Raddin Jr. confirmed that the cause of Earnhardt’s death were blunt force injuries to the base of the skull—precisely the kind of injury the Hans device was designed to prevent.

Per , Hubbard/Downing Inc. (who manufactured the Hans device at that time) took 35 orders for the device in the hours following Earnhardt’s death. Over the next week, were ordered, which was as many as the company had been selling in a year.

Helton cited drivers’ concerns about being able to exit their race car while wearing head and neck restraints as one discouraging factor when he spoke about the Earnhardt crash report. That’s Racin’ writes that Earnhardt himself even referred to the HANS device as “a noose.”

In response, the series widened the cars’ windows in 2001 for easier exit with the additional gear, and vowed to continue encouraging more drivers to start wearing them. However, notes that NASCAR didn’t mandate head and neck restraints’ use until the death of ARCA stock car driver Blaise Alexander in October of that year.

Now, even many amateur racing groups require racers to wear similar head and neck restraints—a fact that likely saved my life two weeks ago when the LeMons car I was driving stalled on track, was hit by two other cars and flipped onto its roof.

Additionally, NASCAR started mandating crash data recorders in 2002 to gather more information about the wrecks in their series. According to , General Motors had implemented this technology in IndyCar to better understand the forces sustained by drivers in large crashes. Teams now use the data to see if they need to inspect or replace belts, seats and other important safety gear in a car after an accident. NASCAR also uses the data to develop ways to better understand its series’ crashes and devise ways of making them safer in the future.

Much of NASCAR’s research after Earnhardt’s death went into developing the next-generation Car of Tomorrow, which wasn’t pretty or popular, but was a whole lot safer. According to , the driver’s position was moved more towards the middle, allowing for larger energy-absorbing crumple zones. Naturally, many of these improvements rolled over into NASCAR’s current cars in 2013.

Even the walls around race tracks changed in response to Earnhardt’s death. Starting with Indianapolis Motor Speedway in 2002, many tracks installed SAFER barriers to help absorb large hits. , which stands for Steel and Foam Energy Reduction, was originally a joint venture between IndyCar and the Midwest Roadside Safety Facility at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. NASCAR had joined the project in 2000, contributing more resources to the development of the SAFER barrier.

NASCAR on walls outside corners on all of their tracks two years after the Earnhardt and Alexander crashes. Since then, drivers have been clamoring for them to be that cars can hit because they do a much better job of absorbing the forces of an accident than regular hard walls.

Overall, it was a complete change in attitude from the way NASCAR had previously handled safety. American Society of Safety Engineers President Samuel Gualardo told That’s Racin’:

NASCAR turned a corner. They went from a passive approach to a very active approach. NASCAR is absolutely safer than it was five years ago. From that point forward they have re-evaluated every aspect of the sport with respect to safety. They’ve looked beyond the track and have evaluated fan safety, pit area safety, crew safety and other aspects. I don’t think there was a stone left unturned.

Thanks to these changes, NASCAR hasn’t seen a fatal accident since Earnhardt Sr.’s death. That’s a legacy we can all be thankful for.

Contact the author at